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PT-141 Legal

An arcade-cabinet reading room on PT-141 (bremelanotide) — melanocortin pharmacology and the trial record, summarized at 8-bit resolution.

PT-141 Research References and Citations | PT-141 Legal

PT-141 (Bremelanotide): Full Citation Index

All primary sources used in PT-141 Legal. Every citation links to its PubMed or PMC record. Sources span 2003-2025 and include Phase 1-3 clinical trial publications, mechanistic animal studies, neuroimaging work, and the 2019 pharmacotherapy review supporting the FDA approval summary.

  1. Diamond LE, Earle DC, Rosen RC, Willett MS, Molinoff PB. Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2004. ↗
  2. Rosen RC, Diamond LE, Earle DC, Shadiack AM, Molinoff PB. Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2004. ↗
  3. Diamond LE, Earle DC, Heiman JR, et al. An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2006. ↗
  4. Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY. Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Journal of Urology. 2008. [Expression of concern issued 2023 — findings should be interpreted cautiously.] ↗
  5. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Jordan R, Lucas J, Sadiq A, Krop J, Clayton AH. Prespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from the RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies of Bremelanotide. Journal of Women's Health. 2022. ↗
  6. Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2020. ↗
  7. Edinoff AN, Sanders NM, Lewis KB, Apgar TL, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire. Neurology International. 2022. ↗
  8. White WB, Myers MG, Jordan R, Lucas J. Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide. Journal of Hypertension. 2017. ↗
  9. Clayton AH, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Sadiq A, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program. Journal of Women's Health. 2022. ↗
  10. Pfaus J, Giuliano F, Gelez H. Bremelanotide: an overview of preclinical CNS effects on female sexual function. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2007. ↗
  11. Shadiack AM, Sharma SD, Earle DC, Spana C, Hallam TJ. Melanocortins in the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2007. ↗
  12. Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003. ↗
  13. Althof S, Derogatis LR, Greenberg S, Clayton AH, Jordan R, Lucas J, Spana C. Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2019. ↗
  14. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019. ↗
  15. Pfaus JG, Sadiq A, Spana C, Clayton AH. The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. CNS Spectrums. 2022. ↗
  16. Pfaus JG, et al. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2004. ↗
  17. Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2022. ↗
  18. Semple EA, Harberson MT, Xu B, Rashleigh R, Cartwright TL, Braun JJ, Custer AC, Liu C, Hill JW. Melanocortin 4 receptor signaling in Sim1 neurons permits sexual receptivity in female mice. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023. ↗
  19. Spana C, Jordan R, Fischkoff S. Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2022. ↗
  20. Jordan R, et al. Phase I Randomized Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Bremelanotide Coadministered With Ethanol in Healthy Male and Female Participants. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2017. ↗
  21. Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025. ↗