PT-141 // LEGAL READING LIST
CITATION INDEX // 21 PRIMARY SOURCES

PT-141 (Bremelanotide): Full Citation Index

21 SOURCES UPDATED 2025-06

All primary sources used in PT-141 Legal. Every citation links to its PubMed or PMC record. Sources span 2003–2025 and include Phase 1–3 clinical trial publications, mechanistic animal studies, neuroimaging work, and the 2019 pharmacotherapy review supporting the FDA approval summary.

PRIMARY LITERATURE // PEER-REVIEWED

Primary Sources

  1. 01 Diamond LE, Earle DC, Rosen RC, Willett MS, Molinoff PB. Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2004. PMID: 14963471. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901139. PubMed ↗
  2. 02 Rosen RC, Diamond LE, Earle DC, Shadiack AM, Molinoff PB. Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2004. PMID: 14999221. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901200. PubMed ↗
  3. 03 Diamond LE, Earle DC, Heiman JR, et al. An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2006. PMID: 16839319. DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00268.x. PubMed ↗
  4. 04 Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY. Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Journal of Urology. 2008. PMID: 18206919. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.10.063. [Expression of concern issued 2023 — findings should be interpreted cautiously.] PubMed ↗
  5. 05 Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Jordan R, Lucas J, Sadiq A, Krop J, Clayton AH. Prespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from the RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies of Bremelanotide. Journal of Women's Health. 2022. PMID: 35230162. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0225. PubMed ↗
  6. 06 Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2020. PMID: 31893927. DOI: 10.1177/1060028019899152. PubMed ↗
  7. 07 Edinoff AN, Sanders NM, Lewis KB, Apgar TL, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire. Neurology International. 2022. PMID: 35076581. DOI: 10.3390/neurolint14010006. PMC ↗
  8. 08 White WB, Myers MG, Jordan R, Lucas J. Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide. Journal of Hypertension. 2017. PMID: 27977473. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001221. PubMed ↗
  9. 09 Clayton AH, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Sadiq A, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program. Journal of Women's Health. 2022. PMID: 35147466. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0191. PubMed ↗
  10. 10 Pfaus J, Giuliano F, Gelez H. Bremelanotide: an overview of preclinical CNS effects on female sexual function. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2007. PMID: 17958619. DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00610.x. PubMed ↗
  11. 11 Shadiack AM, Sharma SD, Earle DC, Spana C, Hallam TJ. Melanocortins in the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2007. PMID: 17584134. DOI: 10.2174/156802607780906681. PubMed ↗
  12. 12 Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003. PMID: 12851303. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03167.x. PubMed ↗
  13. 13 Althof S, Derogatis LR, Greenberg S, Clayton AH, Jordan R, Lucas J, Spana C. Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2019. PMID: 31277966. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.05.012. PubMed ↗
  14. 14 Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019. PMID: 31599847. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003514. PubMed ↗
  15. 15 Pfaus JG, Sadiq A, Spana C, Clayton AH. The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. CNS Spectrums. 2022. PMID: 33455598. DOI: 10.1017/S109285292100002X. PubMed ↗
  16. 16 Pfaus JG, et al. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2004. PMID: 15226502. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400491101. PubMed ↗
  17. 17 Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2022. PMID: 36189794. DOI: 10.1172/JCI152341. PMC ↗
  18. 18 Semple EA, Harberson MT, Xu B, Rashleigh R, Cartwright TL, Braun JJ, Custer AC, Liu C, Hill JW. Melanocortin 4 receptor signaling in Sim1 neurons permits sexual receptivity in female mice. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023. PMID: 37033219. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.983670. PMC ↗
  19. 19 Spana C, Jordan R, Fischkoff S. Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2022. PMID: 35170192. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14672. PubMed ↗
  20. 20 Jordan R, et al. Phase I Randomized Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Bremelanotide Coadministered With Ethanol in Healthy Male and Female Participants. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2017. PMID: 28189361. DOI: 10.1002/jcph.862. PubMed ↗
  21. 21 Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025. PMID: 39793696. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110299. PubMed ↗